印度网友一向喜欢和各大国做对比，他们对日本繁荣的经济感到惊异，这一切在他们看来是那样的不真实，于是他在海外知名问答网站Quora上提问道：为什么日本这么小却是个发达国家，而印度却正好相反？该问题引起各国网友热议，印度公共政策专家巴拉吉对印度国内的发展情况非常熟悉，专门发文回答了他的问题。

问题：为什么日本这么小却是个发达国家，而印度正好相反？

印度公共政策专家巴拉吉的回答

If my neighbor were an independent country, they would be considered developed. He earns about $35,000 a year, a level of per capita income that is the main measure of a developed country. He is highly educated, comes from a well-educated family, has left him a good legacy and all the hard and fast things. So it was not difficult for him to earn so much every year that he could easily become middle class.

如果把我的邻居看作一个独立的国家，那他们家就可以被评定为发达国家。他每年的收入大概有35000美元，这一水平的人均收入是衡量一个国家是否发达的主要标准。他受过高等教育，家里人素养很高，上一辈给他留下了丰厚的遗产，各种硬性条件一应俱全。因此，他每年挣这么些钱并不难，可以不费吹灰之力成为中产阶级。

It does not take much effort to build a small country into a developed country. Relying on the superior geographical conditions and the Straits of Malacca, Singapore can make millions of citizens prosperous in industry and life. With the help of the gaming industry, Macao SAR can become the world's highest per capita GDP economy. Just like my neighbor, he just needs to get a good IT job to make a good living.

同样的道理，把一个小国建设成为发达国家并不费劲，新加坡凭借优越的地理条件，倚靠马六甲海峡就足够让几百万公民产业兴旺，生活富足，澳门特区靠博彩业就能成为世界上人均GDP最高的经济体。就像我的邻居，他只需要找一份好的IT工作，就能把日子过得红红火火。

But the problem is that replicating this condition to a large, populous country with a huge hinterland and many ethnic groups, with hundreds of millions of people living far from the ocean or resource-rich cities, makes a big difference.

但问题是，把这一条件复制到一个幅员辽阔、人口众多的国家，他拥有巨大的腹地，民族众多，有数亿人口居住在远离海洋或资源富集的城市的地方，那情况就大大不同了。

People are often infatuated with tiny countries like Singapore or Liechtenstein, where people are rich, healthy and free, and cities are bustling and cosmopolitan, but in fact, it's not that hard to build a Singapore. In my own country, India, Mumbai's GDP is comparable to Singapore's. If the local government in Mumbai did not use its revenues to finance other poor parts of the country, it could build better infrastructure and implement more sophisticated welfare policies. Turning a city with a good port on a major trade route into a rich country would be easy. It's easy to heat a glass of water, but it's impossible to heat a spring.

人们常常迷恋新加坡或列支敦士登这样的袖珍国家，人们富足、健康又自由，城市建设繁华而国际化，但事实上，建设一个新加坡并不难，在我的国家—印度，孟买的国内生产总值就可以和新加坡相媲美。如果孟买当地政府不使用当地的财政收入来资助国内其他的贫困地区，它可以建设更好的基础设施，实施更高端的福利政策，把一个在主要贸易路线上拥有优质港口的城市变成富裕国家并不是什么难事。

The complication was how to turn a remote and impoverished land 1,000 kilometers from the port into a developed place, a place with no rivers, no mineral deposits, mountains, rugged roads, and very limited energy and education resources that everyone wanted to escape from. It will take a long time and a lot of resources, and that is the challenge that a continental country like India will face in the future. If it takes a man of Lee Kuan Yew's brilliance to turn a city of 5 million people into a developed nation, it takes 300 leaders of that caliber to turn a country of 1.4 billion people into a developed nation, and India doesn't have that many.

复杂的是如何把一个离港口1000公里的穷乡僻壤变成一个发达的地方，这个地方没有河流，没有矿藏，山脉纵横，道路崎岖，能源和教育资源都非常有限，人人都希望逃出这个地方。这需要长时间的努力和大量资源的调配，这正是印度这种大陆国家未来所需要面临的挑战。如果说把一个500万人口的城市变成一个发达国家需要一个李光耀这样才华横溢的人，那么把一个14亿人口的国家变成一个发达国家需要300位如此水平的领导人，而印度可没有这么多杰出的人才。

If you think Singapore is too small to be compared to India, let's go back to Japan. People often say that Japan is a small country, but in fact, it is not small in any dimension, be it geographical area, population size or economic size. So why was it able to recover after World War II and achieve an economic Renaissance that even surpassed the Soviet Union as the world's second largest economy? In my opinion, there are the following reasons:

如果你觉得新加坡规模太小，和印度不可相提并论的话，那我们说回日本。人们常说日本是个小国，其实从哪个维度来说，它都不算小，无论是地理面积、人口规模还是经济体量。那为什么在二战之后，它仍能恢复元气，实现经济复兴，甚至超过苏联跻身世界第二大经济体呢？在我看来，有以下原因：

First, before the Second World War, Japan had a considerable industrial base, it entrenched in northeast China and Korea, plundered a large number of resources and manpower for domestic economic development services, even after the war, its domestic mines, steel plants, railways, power plants, etc., have not been completely destroyed;

一、在二战之前，日本就有相当的工业基础，它盘踞中国东北和朝鲜，掠夺了大量的资源和人力为国内经济发展服务，就是在战争结束后，其国内的矿场、钢铁厂、铁路、电厂等也未被完全破坏；

日本大都会

Second, influenced by the outbreak of the Cold War, Japanese chaebol were not completely liquidated and deprived, which constituted a strong pillar of Japan's economic development.

二、受冷战爆发影响，日本财阀等未被彻底清算、剥夺，构成了日本经济发展的坚强支柱；

Third. Under the influence of "hot spots" such as the Korean War and Vietnam War, Japan became the "home front" of the United States in Asia. A large number of military procurement, daily necessities procurement, and even the "holiday consumption" (including "sex consumption") of the United States troops gave Japan the opportunity to earn a large amount of foreign exchange.

三、受朝鲜战争、越南战争等“热点”影响，日本成为美国在亚洲的“大后方”，大量的军事采购、生活物资采购、乃至美军的“渡假消费”（包括“性消费”）给了日本赚取大量外汇的机会；

Fourth, Japan has long taken advantage of favorable economic and trade opportunities to dump cars and other industrial products into the United States; It also imported a large number of American patents to produce high value-added goods, and obtained a long-term and large "surplus". After the Plaza Accord, this "surplus" was forcibly terminated by the United States, taking advantage of the weakness of pro-American groups in Japan.

四、日本曾长期利用有利的经贸机会，向美国内倾销汽车等工业产品；并大量引入美国专利，生产附加值高的商品，获得长期、大量的“出超”，直到《广场协议》后，这种“出超”才被美国利用日本国内的亲美派的软弱性，强行终止；

The US military presence and the nuclear umbrella policy. While the move has largely neutered Japan's military, it has kept its military spending so low (less than 1%) that it has been able to focus on construction and production.

五、美国的驻军和核保护伞政策。虽然此举使日本的军事力量基本被阉割，但令其长期以来，军费开支占比极低（不到1%），从而能够集中力量进行建设生产，这也是一个很重要的原因。

So what is the difference between India and Japan?

那么印度和日本的差距在哪里呢？

The first is that indians are generally psychologically unhealthy and unsound. There is too much crab mentality in India. They always belittle successful people and hate the rich class. They prefer to stay in shacks rather than work hard. The rich despise the poor and would rather spend lavishly than give nothing. Jealousy and showing off are their primary emotions. Hypocrisy, conservatism, glorified mediocrity and formalism are all pervasive in Indian officialdom, not to mention the common man.

首先是印度人普遍心态不健康、心理不健全。印度人的螃蟹心态太严重了，他们总爱贬低成功人士，憎恨富人阶层，却宁愿龟缩在窝棚里也不愿努力工作；富人鄙夷穷人，宁愿挥霍无度也不愿施舍一丝一毫。嫉妒和炫耀是他们最主要的情绪。虚伪、保守、美化平庸、形式主义在印度官场随处可见，政府官员都这等面目，遑论一般平民。

The divisions in India are too great and the society is deeply divided. China, Japan and South Korea have been homogenous countries for most of their history, which gives them a feeling and cohesion of solidarity and cooperation. People in these countries generally have a desire to build their countries into the most powerful countries in the world, because they believe that without their motherland, they are nothing. In India, apart from being Indian, a person can be malasar, Kannada, Tamil, Derhit, Assam or Rajasthani. They are different from each other in customs, language and often conflict or even antagonism, so too many can spoil the boat in India.

印度国内的分歧太大，社会严重撕裂。中国、日本和韩国在历史的大部分时期都是同质国家，这给了他们一种团结一心、通力合作的情感和凝聚力，这些国家的人民普遍拥有将自己的国家建设成世界上最强大国家的渴望，因为他们认为，没有祖国，他们什么都不是。在印度，一个人除了是印度人之外，他还可能是马拉萨人、卡纳达人、泰米尔人、德尔希特人、阿萨姆人或拉贾斯坦尼人，他们彼此习俗各异，语言不通，常有冲突甚至对立，所以，在印度，人多反而可能误事。

Illiteracy is high and voters are highly irresponsible. They will only vote for candidates belong to their tribe or caste, or to change back to 2000 rupees, beverage or feed cows weeds can also arouse the enthusiasm of them, in their eyes, the value of democracy is 2000 rupees, or even lower in some cases, India doesn't suitable for democracy, caste system in Indian society is a bottomless ravine. The phenomenon of forming alliances between politicians and favoring each other is constantly prohibited, which is one of the reasons why our politicians are highly corrupt.

文盲众多，选民极其不负责任。他们只会因为候选人属于他们的部落或种姓而投票，或者能换回2000卢比、酒水或喂牛的杂草也能调动他们的积极性，在他们的眼里，民主也就价值2000卢比，在某些情况下甚至更低，印度根本就不适合民主制度，种姓制度更是印度社会中一道深不见底的沟壑，政客之间结盟，私相授受的现象屡禁不绝，这正是我国政客高度腐败的原因之一。

印度郊区

The business environment is poor and the market is in urgent need of development. India is on the verge of becoming the world's most youthful and unskilled country, yet its vast workforce is unskilled and the government rarely offers help. Local government politicians blatantly demand bribes, and foreign businessmen have to stand by to avoid problems and further delays. The so called human rights groups often exploit India for their own gain and keep capital away from India. Money does not grow from the ground. If no one does business, how can people get jobs and the economy grow?

营商环境极差、市场亟待开发。印度即将成为世界上年轻人口最多、非技术人口最多的国家，但广大劳工技术生疏，政府也罕见提供帮助；地方政府的政客明目张胆要求贿赂，外资商人就不得不听之任之，以避免项目出现问题并进一步拖延。所谓的人权组织经常碰瓷以谋求私利，让资本对印度唯恐避之不及。钱不是从地上长出来的，没有人做生意，何来百姓就业，经济增长？

The phenomenal tendency of Indians to laziness is extremely severe. China was way behind us in the 50's and 60's, the level of development after the Korean War was only on par with sub-Saharan Africa, and Japan went through world War II and the punishment of nuclear explosion and they still stood up, what's the problem? Although the government is to blame, Indian inertia is also largely to blame.

印度人惰化的现象倾向极其严重。中国在五六十年代远远落后于我们，朝鲜战争后的发展水平只相当于撒哈拉以南的非洲，日本则经历了二战的惨败和核爆的惩罚，他们仍然站了起来，问题出现在哪？政府虽然难辞其咎，印度人的惰性也要负主要责任。

If India really wants to achieve sound economic growth and a stable development environment, China's "common prosperity" policy may provide a lesson.

如果印度真的想要实现稳健的经济增长和稳定的发展环境，中国“共同富裕”的政策或许可以提供借鉴。

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